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→In contrast with the civilization dominated by Greek culture with
its maxim "nothing in excess," modern civilization dominated by
machine industry is concerned always with specialization which might
be described as always in excess. Economics, beginning with Adam
Smith, and indeed other social sciences have an obsession with
specialization. Specialization and industrialism support an emphasis
on equality. An interest in material goods which characterized the
Scottish people, represented notably in Adam Smith, has been followed
by an attitude described by Samuel Butler: "All progress is based
upon a universal innate desire on the part of every organism to live
beyond its income." The concern with specialization and excess,
making more and better mousetraps, precludes the possibility of
understanding a preceding civilization concerned with balance and
proportion. Industrialism implies technology and the cutting of time
into precise fragments suited to the needs of the engineer and the
accountant. The inability to escape the demands of industrialism on
time weakens the possibility of an appraisal of limitations of space.
Constant changes in technology particularly as they affect communi-
cation, a crucial factor in determining cultural values (for example,
the development of radio and television), increase the difficulties of
recognizing balance let alone achieving it.