Morranea: переводы

→Levnui. There were no other rivers in this region, "futher Gondor", until one came to the Levnui, the longest and widest of the Five. This was held to be the boundary of Gondor in this direction; for beyond it lay the promontory of Angast and the wilderness of ‘Old Púkel-land’ (Drúwaith Iaur) which the Númenóreans had never attempted to occupy with permanent settlements, though they maintained a Coast-guard force and beacons at the end of Cape Angast.
Levnui is said to mean ‘fifth’ (after Erui, Sirith, Serni, Morthond), but its form offers difficulties. (It is spelt Lefnui on the Map; and that is preferable. For though in the Appendices f is said to have the sound of English f except when standing at the end of a word, voiceless f does not in fact occur medially before consonants (in uncompounded words or names) in Sindarin; while v is avoided before consonants in English)9.

→Hence the name Nardol ‘Fire-hilltop’ of the next beacon westward; it was on the end of a high ridge, originally part of the Drúadan Forest, but long deprived of trees by masons and quarriers who came up the Stonewain Valley. Nardol was manned by a guard, who also protected the quarries; it was well-stored with fuel and at need a great blaze could be lit, visible on a clear night even as far as the last beacon (Halifirien) some hundred and twenty miles to the westward*.

→* S. loss is a derivative of (G)LOS ‘white’; but loth is from LOT. Sindarin used loss as a noun, but the strengthened form gloss as an adjective ‘(dazzling) white’. S. loth was the only derivative of LOT that it retained, probably because other forms of the stem assumed a phonetic shape that seemed inappropriate, or were confusible with other stems (such as LUT ‘float’): e.g. *lod, *lûd. loth is from a diminutive lotse and probably also from derivative lotta-. Cf. Q. losse ‘snow’, lossea ‘snow-white’; and lóte ‘a flower’ (mostly applied to larger single flowers); olóte ‘bloom, the flowers collectively of a single plant’; lilótea ‘having many flowers’; lotse ‘a small single flower’; losta ‘to bloom’, (t-t in inflexion > st). Both Quenya and Sindarin retain for ‘snow’ only the strengthened loss- since medial s between vowels suffered changes that made them unsuitable or clashed with other stems.

→Eilenach (better spelt Eilienach). Probably an alien name; not Sindarin, Númenórean, or Common Speech. In true Sindarin eilen could only be derived from *elyen, *alyen, and would normally be written eilien. This and Eilenaer (older name of Halifirien: see that below) are the only names of this group that are certainly pre-Númenórean. They are evidently related. Both were notable features. Eilenach was the highest point of the Drúadan Forest. It could be seen far to the West, and its function in the days of the beacons was to transmit the warning of Amon Dîn; but it was not suitable for a large beacon-fire, there being little space on its sharp summit.

→1 Cf. L:425: "Q. permitted, indeed favoured, the ‘dentals’ n, l, r, s, t as final consonants: no other final consonants appear in the Q. lists". Tolkien's list here omits s, no doubt unintentionally. (VT42: 27)

2 The form Enedwaith in the published text (UT: 261-264) was an editorial change from Enedhwaith made in all excerpts from this essay containing the name in Unfinished Tales; cf. XII: 328-29, n.66. (VT42: 7)

3 The form Ethraid Engrin in the published text (UT: 264) was an editorial change from Ethraid
Engren (but note (Ered) Engrin, V: 348,379, and many other places beside). (VT42: 7)

4 The form Lefnui in the published text (UT: 263,383) was an editorial change from Levnui; cf. the entry for Levnui. (VT42: 9)

5 The form Andrast in the published text (UT: 383) was an editorial change from Angast. Christopher Tolkien notes: "The form Angast occurs more than once in the essay. This change was based on the form Andrast communicated by my father to Pauline Baynes for inclusion, with other new names, on her decorated map of Middle-earth; see UT: 261, footnote". (VT42: 8-9)

6 The brief account of the phonological development of the Eldarin numerals given in this footnote differs in some respects from the much longer account arising later in this same essay, in the entry for Levnui: a further sign of the fluid nature of this composition. (VT42: 9)

7 Christopher Tolkien notes: "The statement about this name is given in the Index to Unfinished Tales, but with a misprint that has never been corrected: the Sindarin word meaning ‘pebble’ is sarn, not sern". (VT42: 11)

8 The legend of Amroth and Nimrodel given in UT:240-242 appeared as a separate offshoot from the essay (UT: 242).

9 Tolkien then immediately embarks on a lengthy (more than 3 pages) and elaborate philological discussion of the Eldarin numerals, in particular the explanation of the number 5 (which was eventually dismissed with the note "Far too complicated"). (VT42: 24-27) Nevertheless from this discussion could be obtained the most significant information about Quenya and Sindarin numerals (cardinals and ordinals): it has been removed to an appendix below.

10 Tolkien provides at this point two (both rejected) sketches on the origin of the name Belfalas. (VT42: 15-16)

The first sketch states: "The element Bel- in Belfalas has no suitable meaning in Sindarin. Falas (Q. falasse) meant ‘shore’ — especially one exposed to great waves and breakers (cf. Q. falma ‘a wave-crest, wave’). It is possible that Bel had a similar sense in an alien tongue, and Bel-falas is an example of the type of place-name, not uncommon when a region is occupied by a new people, in which two elements of much the same topographical meaning are joined: the first being in the older and the second in the incoming language. Probably because the first was taken by the Incomers as a particular name. However, in Gondor the shore-land from the mouth of Anduin to Dol Amroth was called Belfalas, but actually usually
referred to as i-Falas ‘the surf-beach’ (or sometimes as Then-falas ‘short beach’, in contrast to An-falas ‘long beach’, between the mouths of Morthond and Levnui). But the great bay between Umbar and Angast (the Long Cape, beyond Levnui) was called the Bay of Belfalas (Côf Belfalas) or simply of Bel (Côf gwaeren Bêl ‘the windy Bay of Bêl’). So it is probable that Bêl was the name or part of the name of the region afterward usually called Dor-en-Ernil ‘land of the Prince’: it was perhaps the most important part of Gondor before the Númenórean settlement". (Christopher Tolkien notes: "With ‘the windy Bay of Bêl’ cf. the poem The Man in the Moon came down too soon in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962), where the Man in the Moon fell ‘to a foaming bath in the windy Bay of Bel’, identified as Belfalas in the preface to the book".) The second sketch (given in retelling in UT: 247) states: "Belfalas. This is a special case. Bel- is certainly an element derived from a pre-Númenórean name; but its source is known, and was in fact Sindarin. The regions of Gondor had a complex history in the remote past, so far as their population was concerned, and the Númenóreans evidently found many layers of mixed peoples, and numerous islands of isolated folk either clinging to old dwellings, or in mountain-refuges from invaders. (Though none of the regions of the Two Kingdoms were before — or after! — the Númenórean settlements densely populated as we should recon it.) But there was one small (but important) element in Gondor of quite exeptional kind: an Eldarin settlement. Little is known of its history until shortly before it disappeared; for the Eldarin Elves, whether Exiled Noldor or long-rooted Sindar, remained in Beleriand until its desolation in the Great War against Morgoth; and then if they did not take sail over Sea wandered westward [sic; read "eastward"] in Eriador. There, especially near the Hithaeglir (on either side), they found scattered settlements of the Nandor, Telerin Elves who had in the First Age never completed the journey to the shores of the Sea; but both sides recognized their kinship as Eldar. There appears, however, in the beginning of the Second Age, to have been a group of Sindar who went south. They were a remnant, it seems, of the people of Doriath, who harboured still their grudge against the Noldor and left the Grey Havens because these and all the ships there were commanded by Círdan (a Noldo). Having learned the craft of shipbuilding they went in the course of years seeking a place for havens of their own. (All Elves were naturally skilled in making boats, but the craft that were to make a long voyage over Sea, perilous even to Elven-craft until Middle-earth was far behind, required more skill and knowledge.) At last they settled at the mouth of the Morthond. There was already a primitive harbour there of fisher-folk; but these in fear of the Eldar fled into the mountains.
The land between Morthond and Serni (the shoreward parts of Dor-en-Ernil)" The sketch ends here, mid-sentence, and without reaching an explanation of the element Bel-. (Christopher Tolkien notes: "It was perhaps a purely experimental extension of the history, at once abandoned; but the assertion that Círdan was a Noldo is very strange. This runs clean counter to the entire tradition concerning him — yet it is essential to the idea sketched in this passage. Possibly it was his realization of this that led my father to abandon it in mid-sentence".)

→Celos. The name must be derived from the root kelu- ‘flow out swiftly’, formed with an ending -sse, -ssa, seen in Quenya kelusse ‘freshet, water falling out swiftly from a rocky spring’.

* Thus the Quenya form of S. lô would have been *loa, identical with Q. loa < *lawa ‘year’; the form of S. loen, T. logna would have been *lóna, identical with lóna ‘pool, mere’ (from base LON seen also in londe ‘haven’, S. lond, lonn).
** This was used as a general adjectival ending without specialized significance (as e.g. in lithui ‘of ash’, or ‘ashen, ash-coloured, ashy, dusty’). It is of uncertain origin, but was probably derived from the Commom Eldarin adjectival -ya, which when added to noun-stems ending in C.E. -ô, -û would produce in Sindarin - ui. This being more distinctive was then transferred to other stems. The products of āya > oe, and of ăya, ĕya, ĭya > ei; ŏya, ŭya > oe, e were not preserved in Sindarin. But -i, wich could come from ēya, and from īya, remained also in (more limited) use; cf. Serni below. The transference is exemplified in the ordinals, which in Sindarin were formed with -ui from ‘fourth’ onwards, though -ui was only historically correct in othui ‘seventh’ and tolhui ‘eighth’. ‘First’ was in older and more literery Sindarin mein (Q. minya); later minui was substituted; but ‘fourth’ cantui (canhui), ‘six’ encui (enchui), ‘ninth’ nerthui, etc. On ‘fifth’ see below under the name Levnui.

→Morthond. Similarly Morthond ‘Black-root’, which rose in a dark valley in the mountains due south of Edoras, called Mornan not only because of the shadow of the two high mountains between which it lay, but because through it passed the road from the Gate of the Dead Men, and living men did not go there.

→Ringló. For the element -ló see discussion of Gwathló above. But there is no record of any swamps or marsh in its course. It was a swift (and cold) river, as the element ringimplies. It drew its first waters from a high snowfield that fed an icy tarn in the mountains. If this at seasons of snowmelting spread into a shallow lake, it would account for the name, another of the many that refer to a river's source.

→Serni. An adjectival formation from S. sarn ‘small stone, pebble’ (as described above), or a collective, the equivalent of Q. sarnie (sarniye) ‘shingle, pebble-bank’. Though Serni was the shorer river its name was continued to the sea after its confluence with Gilrain. It was the only one of the five to fall into the delta of Anduin. Its mouth was blocked with shingles, and at any rate in later times ships approaching Anduin and making for Pelargir went by the eastern side of Tol Falas and took the sea-way passage made by the Númenóreans in the midst of the delta of Anduin.

→Erui. Though this was the first of the Rivers of Gondor it cannot be used for ‘first’. In Eldarin er was not used in counting in series: it meant ‘one, single, alone’. erui is not the usual Sindarin for ‘single, alone’: that was ereb (< erikwa; sf. Q. erinqua); but it has the very common adjectival ending -ui of Sindarin**. The name must have been given because of the Rivers of Gondor it was the shortest
and swiftest and was the only one without a tributary.

→Sirith. This means simply ‘a flowing’: cf. tirith ‘watching, guarding’ from the stem tir- ‘to watch’.

→Calenhad was similar but rather larger and higher. Calen was the usual word in Sindarin for ‘green’ (its older sense was ‘bright’, Q. kalina). -had appears to be for sad (with usual mutation in combinations); if not misspelt this is from SAT ‘space, place, sc. a limited area naturally or artificially defined’ (also applied to recognized periods or divisions of time), ‘divide, mark off’, seen in S. sad ‘a limited area naturally or artificially defined, a place, spot’, etc. (also sant ‘a garden, field, yard, or other place in private ownership, whether enclosed or not’; said ‘private, separate, not common, excluded’; seidia- ‘set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner’); Q. sati- verb, with sense of S. seidia- (< satya-); [Q. adj.] satya [with same sense] as S. said; also [Q.] asta a division of the year, ‘month’ (sati- was in Quenya applied to time as well as space). Calenhad would thus mean simply ‘green space’, applied to the flat turf-covered crown of the hill. But -had may stand for S. -hadh (the maps do not use dh, but this is the only case where dh might be involved, except Caradhras which is omitted, and Enedhwaith which is misspelt. -hadh would then be for sadh (in isolated use sâdh) ‘sward, turf’ — base SAD ‘strip, flay, peel off’, etc.

→Erelas was a small beacon, as also was Calenhad. These were not always lit; their lighting as in The Lord of the Rings was a signal of great urgency. Erelas is Sindarin in style, but has no suitable meaning in that language. It was a green hill without trees, so that neither er- ‘single’ nor las(s) ‘leaf’ seem applicable.

→The Names of the Beacon-hills.

The full beacon system, that was still operating in the War of the Ring, can have been no older than the settlement of the Rohirrim in Calenardhon about 500 years before; for its principal function was to warn the Rohirrim that Gondor was in danger or (more rarely) the reverse.
How old the names then used were cannot be said. The beacons were set on hills or on the high ends of ridges running out from the mountains, but some were not very notable objects.

→Amon Dîn ‘the silent hill’ was perhaps the oldest, with the original function of a fortified outpost of Minas Tirith, from which its beacon could be seen, to keep watch over the passage into North Ithilien from Dagorlad and any attempt by enemies to cross the Anduin at or near Cair Andros. Why it was given this name is not recorded. Probably because it was distinctive, a rocky and barren hill standing out and isolated from the heavily wooded hills of the Drúadan Forest (Tawar-in-Drúedain), little visited by men, beasts or birds.