iiibax: переводы

→At this point, having exposed our film to light, we have what is called a latent image — an invisible image. To convert this latent image into a permanent visible image, we must develop the film, a process we’ll discuss in detail in a later lesson.

→Thus, the varying intensities of light that strike the film are reproduced in the varying number of crystals that change their structure.

→Here’s how the change takes place. When you shoot a picture, light enters the camera and strikes the emulsion. Where light
hits a silver-halide crystal, the crystal changes structure and clumps together with other crystals. Where more light falls on an area of the emulsion, more crystals change and clump to¬gether. Where less light falls, fewer crystals change and clump.

→The remarkable property of silver halide crystals is that they change their structure when exposed to light. The exact chem¬ical nature of this change is not important to us here. The end result of the change is important.

→The photo-sensitive substance suspended in the gelatin is almost always a silver halide.
The particles of silver halide are microscopically tiny. It is estimated that in a single one-inch-square section of an average film emulsion, there may be as many as 40 billion silver- halide crystals!

→This is a good example of how the movement of the subject helps determine the sharpness of the image. In this picture one foot is blurred and the other is super-sharp. Why? Because one foot was in motion and the other was still-Needless to say, to achieve the sharp image of the still foot, Tucker used a tripod.

→Tucker purchased the old-fashion skates at a rummage sale and carefully selected the model's shoes to give the picture a dated feeling to meet the needs of the advertisement that was planned.

→ How The Pros Use Shutter Speed For Effect.
The slow shutter is a technique that can be used not only with fast-moving sports figures, but also some everyday actions. Speed is relative, and anything that moves can be pictured as moving, if the correct shutter speed is selected. This photo¬graph for an ad was made in the studio. Photographer Tom Tucker had his model simply pick up one foot and swing it backwards. The movement seems more rapid than it really is by virtue of its comparison with the razor-sharp and immobile foreground shoe and skate. Tucker experimented with several very slow speeds until he achieved this delightful picture.

→Wrestling is a sport where the action is often quick and hard to anticipate. A fast shutter speed was used by NYI student James Ensley to capture the action as the wrestler on the right has accomplished a "take down' and brought his foe to the mat. Wrestling is also a sport with dramatic facial expressions, which Ensley has caught in this photo.

→In this exciting soccer photo. NYI student Joseph Schofield has captured the precise instant when two young players battle for control of the ball. As you would expect, a fast shutter speed and a long lens have been used to capture this moment of peak action. The lack of shadows tells us this is an overcast day. and a large aperture is required to give the correct exposure. This has the added benefit of making the area of sharp focus limited. Notice the soft focus of the fence behind the two boys and the people in the playing field beyond. Even the grass in front of the two soccer players is in soft focus.

→NYI student Joseph Schofield has used a fast shutter speed and low camera angle to capture the power of the stroke of this swimmer in a butterfly race. Covering a swimming meet from poolside generally requires a long lens and a tripod. Here, the shutter speed of 1/500 freezes not only the swimmers arms but also the w ater spray. The photo is so sharp that we can read the lettering on the swimmer s cap and even on the nosepiece of the goggles.

→Clearly a slow shutter speed was used here by photographer
George Gardner. What did he do that's different from the
technique used by Gerry Cranham on the facing page? Can you
figure it out? Think about it, and then check your answer
against the upside-down paragraph that follows.

→He panned with the action. The panning has made a blur out of the entire track and background, yet it has produced a fairly readable image of the horses, riders, and their shadows. Even with the panning, the nearest horse is blurred the most. Why? Because it is moving fastest relative to the camera. The result of combining a slow shutter speed with a panning motion is an explosive sensation of breakneck speed. This is a "still" picture that is filled with action and speed!

→Did Cranham use a tripod? You bet he did! If he hadn't, at this slow shutter speed everything would be blurred!

→Did Cranham pan as he shot this picture? No. If he had, you couldn't read the lettering on the track, and the non-partici-pants and spectators would be blurred too.

→1. The bicyclists racing across the lens and closest to the camera are blurred the most.
2. The bicyclists moving directly away from the lens, under the letter "E," are less blurred.
3. The non-participants in the center are reasonably sharp because they are hardly moving.
4. The spectators appear as discrete images because they are virtually immobile.

→These three different zones are all the result of something you learned earlier. Remember the picture of the boy on the motor-cycle? We showed how, at the same shutter speed, his image would blur differently depending upon how fast he moved across the lens, how close he was to the camera, and in what direction he moved relative to the camera. In the above picture all these variables are at work at once. This picture was taken with a slow shutter speed:

→Photographer Gerry Cranham has compressed the whole world of motion into one picture. Note the three different and distinct areas of sharpness: No motion in the center...moderate move¬ment in the middle...and movement so rapid that the subjects have been rendered as streaks of gray in the outer circle.

→These two pictures are good examples of how you can use a slow shutter speed combined with a panning motion to create the feeling of speed and motion in a still picture.

→What shutter speed did NYI student Richard Andrusiak use to capture this extreme blurred effect? 1/15 of a second was sufficient since the motorcycle is moving at a high rate of speed.