Hellbent08: посты

3.1.4 designated institutes
The NMI or its national government, as appropriate, may appoint other institutes in the country to hold specific national standards, and these laboratories are often referred to as ‘Designated Institutes’, particularly if they participate in the CIPM MRA activities.
Some countries operate a centralized metrology organisation with one NMI. Other
countries operate a decentralized organisation with a lead NMI and a multiplicity of designated institutes, which may or may not have the status of an NMI within their country depending on their national remit.
Designated laboratories are nominated in accordance with the metrological plan of
action for the different subject fields and in accordance with the metrological policy of the country. As the importance of metrology in non-traditional areas such as chemistry, medicine and food increases, fewer countries have an NMI that covers all subject fields and hence the number of designated institutes is currently growing.

3.1.5 Accredited laboratories
Accreditation is third-party recognition of a laboratory’s technical competence, quality System and impartiality.
Public as well as private laboratories can be accredited. Accreditation is voluntary, but a number of international, European and national authorities assure the quality of testing and calibration laboratories within their area of competence by requiring an Accreditation by an accreditation body. In some countries, for example, accreditation is required for laboratories working in the food sector or for the calibration of weights used in retail stores.
Accreditation is granted on the basis of laboratory assessment and regular surveillance. Accreditation is generally based on regional and international standards, e.g. ISO/IEC 1702 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories”, and technical specifications and guidelines relevant for the individual laboratory.
The intention is that tests and calibrations from accredited laboratories in one member country shall be accepted by the authorities and industry in all other member countries.
Therefore, accreditation bodies have internationally and regionally agreed multilateral agreements in order to recognize and promote the equivalence of each other’s systems and of certificates and test reports issued by the organisations accredited.

3.1.6 regional metrology organisations
The collaboration of NMIs at a regional level is coordinated by Regional Metrology Organisations, see Figure . The focus of the activities of an RMO depends on the specific needs of the region, but generally it includes:
• coordination of comparisons of national measurement standards and other activities of the CIPM MRA
• cooperation in metrology research and development
• facilitating traceability to primary realisations of the SI
• cooperation in developing metrological infrastructure of the member countries
• joint training and consultation
• sharing of technical capabilities and facilities
Within the CIPM MRA the RMOs play a crucial role, as it is their responsibility to carry out the review process as described in .1.2 and to report the results of their RMO to the Joint Committee of Regional Bodies (JCRB)

3.1.7 ilac
The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation, ILAC, is an international
co-operation between the various laboratory accreditation schemes throughout the
world. ILAC started as a conference in 1977 and became a formal cooperation in 1996.
In 2000 6 ILAC members signed the ILAC Mutual Recognition Arrangement and by 2008 the numbers of members of the ILAC MRA had risen to 60. Through the evaluation of the participating accreditation bodies, the international acceptance of test data and the elimination of technical barriers to trade as recommended and in support of the World
Trade Organisation Technical Barriers to Trade agreement is enhanced.
ILAC is the world’s principal international forum for the development of laboratory accreditation practices and procedures. ILAC promotes laboratory accreditation as a trade facilitation tool together with the recognition of competent calibration and test facilities around the globe. As part of its global approach, ILAC also provides advice and assistance to countries that are in the process of developing their own laboratory accreditation systems. These developing countries are able to participate in ILAC as Affiliates, and thus can access the resources of ILAC’s more established members.

3.1.8 oiml
The International Organisation of Legal Metrology, OIML, is an intergovernmental treaty organisation established in 19 on the basis of a convention, which was modified in 1968. The purpose of OIML is to promote the global harmonisation of legal metrology
procedures. In 2008 OIML had 9 member countries and 7 corresponding member countries that joined the OIML as observers.
The OIML has since its establishment developed a worldwide technical structure that provides its members with metrological guidelines for the elaboration of national and regional requirements concerning the manufacture and use of measuring instruments for legal metrology applications. The OIML issues international recommendations that provide members with an internationally agreed basis for the establishment of national legislation on various categories of measuring instruments.
The main elements of the International Recommendations are:
• scope, application and terminology
• metrological requirements
• technical requirements
• methods and equipment for testing and verifying conformity to requirements
• test report format

OIML draft recommendations and documents are developed by technical committees or subcommittees composed of representatives from member countries. In 2008 OIML had 18 technical committees.
The OIML Certificate System, introduced in 1991, gives manufacturers the possibility of obtaining an OIML Certificate and a Test Report to indicate that a given instrument type complies with the requirements of the relevant OIML International Recommendations.
Certificates are issued by OIML member states who have established one or more Issuing Authorities responsible for processing applications from manufacturers wishing to have their instrument types certified. Acceptance of these certificates by national metrology services is voluntary.
In 200 the implementation of the OIML Mutual Acceptance Arrangement, OIML MAA, was begun. The OIML MAA is related to the OIML Type Evaluations. Within each area the aim is to sign a Declaration of Mutual Confidence. The process is in progress.
3.1.9 iupap
The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, IUPAP, was established in 192 .
In 2008 it had 48 physics communities as its members, and the work in IUPAP was
organised in 20 commissions. One of these is the Commission on Standards, Units,
Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants, which has as the first article of its mandate:
To promote the exchange of information and views among the members of the international scientific community in the general field of Fundamental Constants including:
a. physical measurements;
b. pure and applied metrology;
c. nomenclature and symbols for physical quantities and units;
d. encouragement of work contributing towards improved recommended values of
atomic masses and fundamental physical constants and facilitation of their universal adoption.
IUPAP issues the “red book” on “Symbols, Units and Nomenclature in Physics”

3.1.10 iupac
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, is an international, non-governmental body that aims to advance the worldwide aspects of the chemical sciences and to contribute to the application of chemistry to address issues involving the chemical sciences.
IUPAC, was formed in 1919. IUPAC is an association of National Adhering Organisations, numbering 0 in 2008, with a further 17 organisations as Associate National Adhering
Organisations. IUPAC has 8 divisions. IUPAC is concerned with and recognised as the world authority on chemical nomenclature, terminology, standardised methods of measurement, atomic weights and many other critically evaluated data.
IUPAC publishes a series of books on chemical nomenclature in different areas of
chemistry