CapitanMandarin: переводы

→Whenever he recited the Quran
and came to the verse: "And whoever turns his back to them, except when
manoeuvring for battle or rejoining a company, he has incurred the wrath of
Allah. His habitation shall be hell, a terrible journey's end,"54 he would weep
bitterly. Umar consoled him: "Do not weep, 0 Muadh. I am your refuge, and
you have returned to me.55

→Those of the fugitives who feared the taunts of others and the
wrath of the Caliph need not have done so, for in this tragedy Umar showed
how big he was and how broad his shoulders were. "0 Lord," he said, "every
Muslim is in my charge and I am a refuge for all Muslims. May.Allah bless Abu
Ubayd!

→Bahman had determined to cross the Euphrates
and put paid to the Muslim account when news reached him of an uprising
against Rustam.

→The Euphrates followed a clear course down to the present Hindiyya whence it
split into two main channels as it does today-both sizable rivers: the Hilla
Branch and.the main Euphrates.

→The Dujeila, which in the early days of Islam was the main channel, is now a
modest river-the third largest branch of the Tigris, after the Gharraf and the
One-eyed Tigris. ·

→This is not, however, the largest branch of the Tigris, for the
Gharraf, taking off from Kut and joining the Euphrates at Nasiriyya, is larger.

→and south-east into the Persian Gulf.45 But the Tigris changed its course again
in the 16th Century and returned to its old bed, the one marked on maps now
as the Tigris.

→The old bed of the river had then become a dry,
sandy bed. The marshes extended much farther north than they do today, and
the Tigris picked its way through these marshes to rejoin the bed of the One-
eyed Tigris in the region of Mazar [the present Azeir] whence it flowed south

→The main change from
today is in the course of the Tigris. In pre-Islamic times it had flowed in what is
. its present channel and is known as Dijlat-ul-Aura [the One-eyed Tigris], but
then it had abandoned this channel and adopted a new course from Kut
downwards, along the Dujeila [the Little Tigris] and the Akhzar, to enter a
region of lakes and marshes comprising an area about a hundred miles square,
just north-west of Uballa.

→The Euphrates and the Tigris have been known to change their course more
than once since the time of Babylon. The maps in this book show the course
which these rivers followed in the early days of Islam.

→Situated on the west bank of the Euphrates, it was a
glittering, throbbing city with many citadels. And there was Uballa, the main
port of the Persian Empire which was visited by ships from India and China
and other maritime countries of the East.44

→The then glorious cities of Ctesiphon and Hira are now turned to dust.
Ctesiphon was a mighty metropolis and the capital and seat of glory of the
Persian Empire. It sprawled on both sides of the Tigris and was known to the
Muslims as "Madain" literally "the cities", for it consisted of several cities in
one, of which more will be said in a later chapter. Hira was the capital of the
Arab Lakhmid Dynasty.

→Kufa and Basra did not exist; [they were founded in 17 Hijri]. Baghdad was a
small though much-frequented market town on the west bank of the Tigris.

→But these rivers did not
then flow as they flow now; nor were the cities of Iraq as the cities of today.

→To the Arabs of the barren wastes of Arabia it was a land of milk and honey. Its
two mighty rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris, were the greatest known rivers
of the time-west of the Indus and north of the Nile.

→(43 Tabari: val. 2, p. 637.)

→meant mainly Iraq. Islam and Persia were now fighting for Iraq, specifically for
the Suwad, the most productive part of Iraq over much of which Khalid had
established Muslim rule.

→The second of the great plains was the arid Iranian Plateau, bounded in the
west and north by the Zagros and Elburz Mountains and stretching eastwards
to embrace Afghanistan and Baluchistan. North and north-east of the eastern
end of the Elburz Range lay the steppes of Central Asia. The region with which
we are most immediately concerned, however, is the western plain, which

→Persia was a vast empire. Geographically it consisted of two great plains
separated from one another by mountains. The western part of the empire
comprised the plain of Iraq, which includes the valleys ~f the Euphrates and
the Tigris and runs into the Syrian desert in the west and the Arabian desert in
the south.

→ignorant. So be on your guard; and
watch your tongue. Reveal not your secrets, for those who guard their secrets
are secure against unpleasantness and loss."