wuffur: переводы

→Therefore, seismic monitoring techniques are routinely applied at EGS sites to map the spatial and temporal development of the stimulated volume and to characterize the geothermal
reservoir. Once a sufficiently large reservoir (volume > 1 cubic kilometer) has been developed, additional production wells are drilled into the stimulated volume to extract heat from the rock mass by circulating fluids through the enhanced fracture network.

→Research studies (see review by Tester et al. [2006]) at various sites around the world have confirmed that seismicity associated with EGSs is dominated by shear failure of favorably oriented natural joints as a response of normal stress reduction due to high-pressure fluid injection. The permeability inside the stimulated rock volume is thought to increase due to a self-propping effect that inhibits the complete closure of the naturally rough fracture surfaces after they have experienced slip. The ruptures generate elastic waves detectable by sensitive seismic networks.

→EGS, also known as the “hot dry rock” or “hot fractured rock” technique, refers to a technology that uses hydraulic stimulation of a hot (T > 100ºC) but comparably impermeable (κ < 10-16 square meters) rock mass at depth (Z > 3 kilometers) to create an artificial geothermal reservoir. During hydraulic stimulation, fluids are pumped under high pressure into a target area in which pore pressure increases as the fluid propagates away from the injection well and fracturing of the host rock occurs.

→Enhanced Geothermal Systems

→With the global challenge to satisfy an increasing demand for energy while at the same time stabilizing or reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere, geothermal energy from enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) increasingly is being recognized as an attractive alternative energy source throughout the world. However, the risks associated with the seismicity necessarily induced during the development of an EGS constitute a significant challenge for the widespread implementation of this technology. This article provides a preliminary overview of lessons learned from an
attempt to develop an EGS beneath the city of Basel, Switzerland.

→Studies of the variations caused by electric currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere require a subtraction of the dominant and slowly varying
Earth main field. Hence, both absolute and variometer data (data with unknown baselines) are included in SuperMAG. SuperMAG is intended to be a collaboration of all organizations operating ground-based
magnetometer stations. Users must register with the SuperMAG site (http://supermag.jhuapl.edu/) to have access to a variety of data plots and products. As an added and much needed benefit, the registration system incorporates a logging system that allows the usage statistics of individual users to be tracked, providing principal investigators with the feedback needed to justify future funding from their respective
supporting agencies.
Reaching Beyond Scientists Beyond the research community, SuperMAG targets the general public, in particular, teachers and students. This puts additional requirements on the site because these groups cannot be assumed to have extensive knowledge of either the data set or the underlying physics. Consequently, the SuperMAG’s Web service is based on an intuitive interface with easily accessible tools and products.

→These problems have resulted in a serious underutilization of data from magnetometers. Now the collected and processed highquality ground-based magnetic field data provide an easier way to globally study magnetic data. SuperMAG offers the unique opportunity to address the global spatiotemporal behavior of the large- scale ionospheric electric current system and its coupling to the magnetosphere.

→Before SuperMAG, global or even local studies required painstaking and labor-intensive data handling, which effectively limited research. Analysts faced several inherent complications: confusing or even unknown coordinate systems, a multitude of data artifacts and errors, unknown baselines, and even difficulties obtaining data.

→Why Is SuperMAG Needed?

→SuperMAG is a worldwide collaboration of organizations and national agencies that currently operate more than 200 ground-based magnetometers. It provides measurements of magnetic field perturbations from all available stations in the same coordinate system, with identical time resolution and a common baseline removal approach. SuperMAG utilizes vector measurements of the magnetic field, which represent a variety of file formats, temporal resolutions, units, and coordinate systems, and

→What Is SuperMAG?

→With the motto “Knowledge is the common wealth of humanity,” the 2007–2008 Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) advocated that scientists have the responsibility to create and implement strategies that utilize the full potential of digital capabilities in providing information for present and future generations. Although eGY has officially ended, the geomagnetic research community continues to support the goals of eGY through a global ground-based magnetometer initiative. This initiative, called SuperMAG, helps scientists have easy access to measurements of the Earth’s magnetic field.

→Ulrich gave top priority to the quality of science rather than the
quantity of publications.

→He also had a number of papers published in the proceedings of the biannual Colloquium of Electromagnetic Depth Research (see http:// bib . gfz - potsdam . de/ emtf), which was held for the first time in 1963 and is still the principal
forum of the German electromagnetic research community.

→Ulrich managed to achieve a lot with very little. He neither made a point of being coauthor on the papers of his 26 Ph.D. students nor was he bent on getting numerous scientific citations. Instead, Ulrich had nine papers published in internationally refereed journals.

→He had a phenomenal memory, enormous powers of concentration, a keen intuition, and a research style characterized
by modesty and industriousness.

→Also, he developed one- and two- dimensional numerical modeling techniques on the basis of finite differences and
integral equations, and he made significant contributions to the solution of the electromagnetic inverse problem.

→Ulrich was a brilliant scientist. Among his most prominent results were the value of 0.01 siemens per meter for the average conductivity of the upper mantle as inferred from the magnetic daily variation and the introduction of the “Schmucker C- response” linking magnetotellurics and global induction studies.

→Ulrich always was aware of these favorable conditions and greatly appreciated his institutional environment.

→At the university, he had optimum working conditions: His colleagues perfected fi eld techniques, the mechanics laboratory
built and repaired precision equipment, draftsmen produced fi gures for his publications, and others undertook most of the
administrative work so that he was able to focus on research and teaching.